exposition. The Fugue Has Several Different Elements . In the following fugues (VIII-XI) a number of counter-themes are introduced - a double fugue has two main themes, a triple fugue has three. In any event, according to the newspaper, "Mr. Bach found the [King's] theme so exceedingly lovely that he wanted to write it down on paper as a proper fugue and have it engraved in copper." Subject – the main theme of the fugue. Even more extensive fugal treatment dominates the finale of the String Quartet in C Major, Opus 59, No. It's a … In this example from Fugue BWV 847 in C minor by Bach the alto starts with the subject: The Answer. dissociative fugue ( psychogenic fugue) a dissociative disorder characterized by an episode in which an individual forgets his past, assumes a partial or complete new identity, and travels away from home or work, in some cases taking up a new name, occupation, and lifestyle. The number of parts (voices) in the fugue is likewise flexible. Toccata and Fugue in D Minor. Fugue definition, a polyphonic composition based upon one, two, or more themes, which are enunciated by several voices or parts in turn, subjected to contrapuntal treatment, and gradually built up into a complex form having somewhat distinct divisions or stages of development and a marked climax at the end. After Beethoven, the fugue was favoured in the 19th century by composers who were influenced by the rediscovery of Bach’s masterworks. Fugue - Fugue - Elements of the fugue: Fugal techniques can produce music of great interest and complexity, although the ingredients of a fugue are relatively few and the procedures are straightforward. 3. Joseph Haydn employed the fugue several times in his masses and occasionally in his symphonies—such as Symphony No. Optionally, the first voice may introduce a counter-subject. Found in the first half of his 1735 Clavier-Übung II, the work for double-manual harpsichord is permeated by techniques distinctly employed as part of the galant movement. Once the subject has been presented by the soprano the alto continues with the answer. The Fugue, too, has elements that are uncharacteristic of Bach. fugue definition: 1. a piece of music consisting of three or more tunes played together: 2. a piece of music…. At the turn of the 19th century and into the 20th, Gustav Mahler’s symphonies exhibited a conspicuous and impeccably skilled concern with orchestral counterpoint, but of his works only the finale of the Symphony No. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Other music forms of the Baroque period are the chorale prelude, mass, and oratorio. The subject is the fugue's theme. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Episodes – transitions based on the exposition material. Learn more. Fugue 2. The sections in a fugue that do not contain the subject are the -. Organ works by Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt, and César Franck, as well as Liszt’s Piano Sonata in B Minor (1851–53) and Faust Symphony (1857) and Franck’s Prelude, Chorale and Fugue for piano (1884), contain notable fugal passages. Several compositions by him survive, and he is also notable today for his copies of numerous keyboard works by Georg Böhm, Johann Pachelbel, Johann Heinrich Buttstett, Dieterich Buxtehude, and other important masters. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. “a fugue in 4 parts”, “a fugue in 3 voices”. 1 in C Major, Opus 21 (1799–1800), is quite similar. 1. 1 a : a musical composition in which one or two themes are repeated or imitated by successively entering voices and contrapuntally developed in a continuous interweaving of the voice parts The organist played a four-voiced fugue. Max Reger and Ferruccio Busoni continued the Bach-inspired tradition of fugue writing into 20th-century keyboard music of great complexity. What does fugue mean? In a 4 voice fugue we would have subject, answer, subject, answer. In its mathematical intricacy, formality, symmetry, and variety, the fugue holds the interest of composers, performers, and listeners of Western art music in much the same way as the sonnet engages English-language poets and their readers. Editor. The four parts of a fugue are subject, answer, counter subject, episodes. Subject - The principal theme or main idea; the first statement of the subject is usually by a single voice. As a composer in instrumental forms, Mozart employed fugal technique only seldom but with conspicuous success, as in the Fugue in C Minor for two pianos, K 426 (1783), and the F Minor Fantasia for organ, K 608 (1791). The Subject. The term fugue may also be used to describe a work or part of a work. Professor of Music, Emeritus, Tufts University. harpsichord strings are struck with hammer to generate sound. Fugue in G minor, BWV 578, (popularly known as the Little Fugue), is a piece of organ music written by Johann Sebastian Bach during his years at Arnstadt (1703–1707). Fugue, in music, a compositional procedure characterized by the systematic imitation of a principal theme (called the subject) in simultaneously sounding melodic lines (counterpoint). Giuseppe Verdi turned to the venerable technique for his Messa da Requiem (1874) and created a spectacular vocal fugue to end his last opera, Falstaff (1893), to the text “Tutto nel mondo è burla” (“The whole world is a joke”). Fugue, in music, a compositional procedure characterized by the systematic imitation of a principal theme (called the subject) in simultaneously sounding melodic lines (counterpoint). It may sound like a script for a Hollywood movie or a soap opera, but people in a fugue … It was adapted by Leopold Stokowski for orchestra and was utilizedin the opening sequence of the film. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In any event, according to the newspaper, "Mr. Bach found the [King's] theme so exceedingly lovely that he wanted to write it down on paper as a proper fugue and have it engraved in copper." Countersubject – new material in the voice in which the subject was previously stated. It is a passage that is not a part of the main theme or groups of a composition, but is an ornamental or constructive section added to the main elements of the composition. A simple fugue has only one subject, and does not utilize invertible counterpoint. The earliest and most rigorous imitative technique in Western polyphony is the canon, in which each successive voice (the term for a musical line that is sung or played) has the same melody. Dissociation is generally thought of … 5 [1772]). 41 in C Major, K 551 (1788; Jupiter), a sonata-form movement with extensive passages of fugato in quintuple invertible counterpoint (see Elements of the fugue, below), is a unique tour de force in the history of music. Correct Answer(s) subject exposition episode answer. Yet by the middle of the 18th century, the fugue had passed its peak in popularity with composers; in the late 18th century, the fugue would survive chiefly in sacred music as a model of hallowed tradition. The title of the piece is given in Ringk’s manuscript as … While this voice continues, the second statement enters, transposed to the key of the dominant (the fifth degree of the scale), and is called the answer; the third statement returns to the main key; the fourth statement, if there is one, typically is in the dominant key again. what were the two main keyboard instruments of the Baroque era? The Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565, is a piece of organ music attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach. The Fiori musicali (1635; “Musical Flowers”) of Girolamo Frescobaldi include imitative cantus firmus pieces (i.e., based on a preexisting melody), as well as such substantial fugues as the Recercar dopo il Credo (“Ricercare After the Credo”) and Canzon post il comune (“Canzona After the Communion”). In the 17th century, such composers as Frescobaldi and Johann Jakob Froberger made use of fugal technique within the context of larger movements. *A melody that is stated backwards is said to be in: √ Correct retrograde *The first section of a fugue is called the: √ Correct exposition *The two main keyboard instruments of the Baroque era were the organ and the: harpsichord *How many preludes and fugues make up the collection in J. S. Bach’s The Well-Tempered Clavier? Each part/voices enters in imitation of each other. The way the fugue unfolds and how long it lasts are determined by the composer’s wish to include a variety of possible treatments of the subject. In fugues, overlapping statements of a subject (melody) is referred to as -. The neoclassical movement in European and American music marked a reinvigoration of interest in fugue. The composition is widely accredited for its propelling rhythm, dramatic authority, and majestic notes, and rose to prominence when it appeared in “Fantasia,” - a Disney cult classic. What is the first section of a fugue called? Dissociative fugue, formerly fugue state or psychogenic fugue, is a dissociative disorder and a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality, and other identifying characteristics of individuality. Which of the following elements are found in a fugue and which are not? The foundation of fugue is a musical idea, a motif, that one names the Subject. Bach’s last demonstration of contrapuntal mastery was: a. Baroque era suite. Fugue can be thought of as a later stage in the evolution of canon. Look up chemical element names, symbols, atomic masses and other properties, visualize trends, or even test your elements knowledge by playing a periodic table game! a. twelve c. forty-eight b. twenty-four d. sixty-four ANS: C DIF: Hard REF: 144 TOP: Baroque fugue MSC: Factual 16. false. The skill and imagination of Bach and Handel were nevertheless an inspiration to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart when he wrote the choral fugues in his Mass in C Minor, K 427 (1782), and Requiem, K 626 (1791). The same technique was used at times by Johann Sebastian Bach, as in some of his keyboard preludes in Das wohltemperirte Clavier (1722, 1744; The Well-Tempered Clavier, two books, each comprising 24 paired preludes and fugues in all the major and minor keys); the E-flat Major Prelude in the first book, for example, freely intermixes strictly fugal and entirely nonfugal passages. Key elements of the fugue include the exposition, in which the main material or subject is played in the tonic key by the first voice and the answer, which features the same material given by the second voice and transposed to the dominant or subdominant. 5. The term fugue may also be used to describe a work or part of a work. The only near-contemporary source is an undated copy by Johannes Ringk, a pupil of Johann Peter Kellner. Fugue State Defined. Here and in the Great Fugue, Beethoven divides the fugue into sections, with changes of key, metre, and tempo; the Great Fugue assembles a three-movement structure into a single movement about 25 minutes long, all controlled by a single fugue subject with several countersubjects. From the toccata emerged what is known as prelude and fugue, instrumental music beginning with a short, freestyle piece (the prelude), followed by a contrapuntal piece using imitative counterpoint (the fugue). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. so that this is the most important element in the fugue, then a countersubject could be a distracting element: I.1! The connection is made explicit in the title of Fugue 1914, which suggests a visual equivalent to a musical fugue, with its overlapping, repeated motifs and themes at different pitches. Fugue is a musical composition in which we employ all the species of counterpoint, and in which, therefore, we can say that florid counterpoint does all the work. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).
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