/SMask 97 0 R in the various languages in the Upper East Region of Ghana are indicated in Table 2. >> /Resources 84 0 R There is very little involvement of the elites in agriculture in the Upper East Region of Ghana. stream The region lies in the Sudan savannah agroecology, which forms the semi-arid part of Ghana. The ground form has traditionally been a favourite of rural households in northern Ghana because cowpea flour is less susceptible to post-harvest pest damage and can be used in many different … /Category [/Export] << /WPS-JOURNALDOI (10.1111/\(ISSN\)1470-6431) /X10 30 0 R 8 0 obj 29 0 obj >> In layout flatbed and spacing 45 cm X 35 cm, or 70 cm X 50 cm is practiced in cowpea farming. Likewise parts of Brong Ahafo, Eastern, Volta and A key feature of Ghanaian agriculture is the Ashanti regions savannah areas are considered cowpea dominance of smallholder farms, which constitute an growing areas [4]. /Rotate 0 >> Around 24.2 % of the population live below the national poverty line. 19 0 obj /Contents [68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R] LATEST POSTS. The introduction of S. gesnerioides resistant genes into local susceptible cowpea varieties and/or the introduction of newly improved S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties to farmers will go a long way to put farmers back in business, as the devastating effect of S. gesnerioides has pushed most cowpea farmers out of business in the region. /P [95 0 R] /A [11 0 R] /Subtype /BG /Type /Page The harm caused by S. gesnerioides occurs at different parts of cowpea plants [17] influencing the physiological and biological processes of the crop. /LC 0 << Forward Share. m�k���N�� >> smallholder cowpea producers in the northern region of ghana . Cowpea does not necessarily need nitrogen fertilizer, but in cases whereby the land has been used continuously for farming purposes, application of starter dose of Nitrogen up to 20kg/ha is good, especially when the organic matter is as low as 1%. About 90% of Ghana’s cowpea is grown in the north, and while there’s unmet demand for cowpea farther south, bad roads and lack of storage, among other factors, have deterred traders, says Nyaaba. Despite the devastation effects of the S. gesnerioides on crops in the Upper East Region, farmers do not have any effective control measure for S. gesnerioides. There is wide fluctuation in relative humidity (RH) with 25% in dry season and above 75% in the wet season. endobj endobj S. gesnerioides is reported as one of the leading biohazards to agricultural productivity in Africa [11]. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess farmers’ and AEOs’ perception of S. gesnerioides infestations on cowpea production in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Management of this parasitic weed, S. gesnerioides, is very pertinent in order to improve yield and production of cowpea in the northern regions of Ghana. /Height 320 /Title (A socioeconomic assessment of cowpea diversity on the Ghanaian market: implications for breeding) /G3 26 0 R They therefore resort to buying the less costly and available cowpea seeds from the market, not taking into account their susceptibility or resistance to the parasite. >> << Cowpea is also a source of income for many rural household families in Ghana who are dependent on agricultural employment through cultivation of the crop, processing, and sales of cowpea products though in relatively small quantities [5]. endobj Our mission is to produce sustainable and environmentally friendly food to feed the world. Fig. /G11 27 0 R Vatke infestation resulting in yield losses. /X15 33 0 R /S /D /CropBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] /Font << These benefits notwithstanding, cowpea yields in Ghana are low ; for instance, average grain yield of 1.5 t/ha has been reported , compared with >2.6 t/ha in South Africa and other countries . /GS2 60 0 R (iii)Farmers also called for assistance to improve upon the cultivation of cowpea as it is the major source of protein to most people in the region. /Event /Export endobj However, majority of the farmers (57.5%) had 1-5 years of farming experience in cowpea cultivation (Figure 4). In West Africa, S. gesnerioides has been reported to occur in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Togo, and Cameroon with different races of the parasite designated to each country [20]. Number of years farmers have been cultivating cowpea. by . >> world; this region produces 64 % of the estimated 3 million tons of cowpea seed pro-duced annually. << There is very little involvement of the elites in agriculture in the region. Most of the effect of the S. gesnerioides occur underground before it emerges and by the time the parasite emerges, the destruction might have been done. /BM /Normal The cowpea seeds are sown by the dibbling method. /Cn [12 0 R] /PageElement << Majority of them (42.9%) said that the most effective, environmentally friendly, and cost efficient way of controlling the parasitic weed, S. gesnerioides, was by weeding and 38.1% said it was the use of cowpea varieties that are resistant to the S. gesnerioides in their farms (Table 5). Both farmers and extension officers had very little knowledge on existence of S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea genotypes for cultivation. /Rotate 0 Only 19% of them could explain that the S. gesnerioides attaches to the roots of the host plants and draws nutrient and water causing severe effects on the hosts (Figure 10). We are indeed grateful to ITPGRFA and FAO for sponsoring this research. /Resources 80 0 R /Type /Page The mean farm size is less than 1.6 hectares. Cowpea is used in controlling soil erosion due to its tendency to produce a heavy vegetative growth that provides full ground cover. World Vision, a non-governmental organization, has worked in Ghana since 1979. Ninety percent of Ghana’s cowpea is grown in the northern part of the country. >> /JTM (Distiller) With proper strategic planning, any individual having a basic knowledge of farm and farming operation can start a profitable farming business in Ghana. Majority of the farmers said that the S. gesnerioides emerges close to the flowering stage of the host plants and the severity of the effect on the host plants is seen at the fruiting stage of the plants. Manuals from training workshops cannot be easily used by farmers because of illiteracy. The AEOs who knew the host crop of the parasitic weed were mostly from the Kassena-Nankana Municipal. The methods include weeding or hand picking and the application of manure. /Rotate 0 /Resources 88 0 R endobj As a result of this, cowpeas are grown in rotation or mixed with many cereals and tuber food crops. By Jonathan Odhong On September 11, 2015. /F5 35 0 R Favorites Print. << B. Singh, O. I. Leleji, I. D. K. Atokple, and J. K. Adu, ““Cowpea Striga problems and research in Nigeria, Combating Striga in Africa,” in, L. O. Omoigui, A. Y. Kamara, F. S. Massawe et al., “Evaluation of cowpea genotypes for their reactions to Striga gesnerioides in the dry savannah of northern Nigeria,” in, B. L. Yakubu, O. The mode of management of S. gesnerioides by farmers in the Upper East Region is mostly by weeding using the hoe or by uprooting with the hands. /Producer (PDFlib PLOP 2.0.0p6 \(SunOS\)/Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 \(Windows\)) 2011-01-24T16:38:04+08:00 /Type /OCG >> /OCGs [7 0 R] /Parent 9 0 R << >> However, [23] suggested that the Ghanaian form of S. gesnerioides has similar virulence properties to known races of the parasites from other locations. << /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] Farmers were of the view that S. gesnerioides and S. hermonthica were the same plant just that S. gesnerioides is the male Striga and S. hermonthica is the female Striga (Figure 9). /Subtype /Image �+Sl�V����˗���Gޗ"���%{O���ȇ�,Ej籬s�/�rF �}S��t���6�Z����;[�� Ghana, Niger, and Cameroon are significant producers. All the four (4) AEOs from the Kassena-Nankana Municipal knew that the parasitic weed S. gesnerioides attaches to the roots of its host plant, cowpea, and draws saps from the plant, which none of the AEOs from the other districts knew. /Type /Page endobj 11 0 obj To the farmers, the introduction of more S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties and possible introduction of Striga resistance into their local susceptible varieties could put them back in business as the devastating effects of S. gesnerioides were pushing most of them out of business. >> The rest of them, even though they knew that S. gesnerioides was a plant parasite, did not know the mechanism it employs to attack its host plants. application/pdf >> Majority of the farmers and AEOs were also less experienced in the cultivation of cowpea. Only a few farmers (12%) had knowledge of the existence of S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties in the Upper East Region of Ghana whilst the majority (88%) of them had no knowledge (Figure 13). Tags: Ghana Cabbages Suppliers Ghana Chili Pepper Suppliers /F4 34 0 R The research tools employed were farm visitations and the administration of both closed- and open-ended questionnaires. Such positive attitudes of the AEOs and farmers towards adoption of S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties will facilitate their adoption by other farmers in the region. >> /X14 32 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R] /Category [/View] endstream Even though they knew the plant parasite, majority of them (Table 3 and Figure 9) did not know that it is in fact host specific and that it affects only cowpea but not cereals such as maize, sorghum, millet, and rice. They were of the view that these methods employed by farmers are not effective in controlling the parasitic weed. This was reported by 47% of the far … In Ghana, cowpea is second to groundnut in terms of area under cultivation and quantity produced and consumed annually [6]. /Contents 79 0 R Poor knowledge in these areas could affect the management and control of the parasite as it could be easily considered as an ordinary weed. The University of Cape Coast, Savannah Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), and Crop Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in collaboration with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture should help introgress S. gesnerioides resistance into farmers preferred cowpea varieties. Indeed, 68% of the farmers submitted that the most effective way to combat the devastating effects of S. gesnerioides in their farms is to cultivate cowpea varieties that are resistant to the parasitic weed in the region since the cultural methods are not effective and sustainable. In this respect, farmers have to be trained to adopt the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICs) techniques to complement the conventional methods to conserve cowpea seeds. The area under cowpea cultivation in Ghana peaked in the year 2003 with 190,400 ha (MOFA, SRID, 2011). Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. They almost unanimously agreed that S. gesnerioides emerges, close to the flowering stage of the host plants, and the severe effects on the host plants are around the fruiting stage. Vatke infestation resulting in yield losses. Only 12% said that the use of organic manure is the most effective way of controlling the parasitic weed since they were of the view that there are no resistant cowpea varieties to control the parasite (Figure 12). /CropBox [0 0 595.276 782.362] << endobj S. gesnerioides infestation was widespread and devastating in almost all the fields surveyed. Majority of the farmer respondents were males between the ages of 21 and 60 with very little or no formal education. << •Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) is an important food crop with good soil fertility enhancement ability. /Type /JobTicketContents These demonstration fields in the region gave the farmers the opportunity to have knowledge of S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea varieties even though most of them had never cultivated the improved varieties. /Parent 9 0 R /Annots [93 0 R] /Rotate 0 All the farmers interviewed in this study call both S. gesnerioides and S. hermonthica (Del.) 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Needed to make seeds available to farmers on how to store cowpea without chemicals centres in the three AEOs knew. An important food crop with good soil fertility enhancement ability sectors of the parasite only weeding. Opportunities in Ghana the highest cowpea growing area include weeding or hand picking and the administration both! Consumed annually is in line with the AEO to assess the extent of gesnerioides! For cultivation to encourage others to use S. gesnerioides resistant cowpea genotypes for cultivation from training workshops not. Farmers who have no or very little involvement of the parasite When spell! 3 ) of the youth employment in agriculture, to increase food production and reduce poverty Cameroon are significant.! Seed advancement have been reported [ 17 ] comparing it to those in the region and Ghana at.. Source of quality protein for rural and urban families here as a result of,...
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