Byzantium: Greatness and Decline. We then come together as a group and each small group reports on their source, summarizing the argument of each and we discuss the similarities and differences among the four, deciding whether there is a consensus in the argument. Goal: by the end of class students will be able to identify icons, some Byzantine symbolism, and identify iconoclasm and understand its significance. « L’Impératrice [Irène], en 802, décida de se rapprocher de Charlemagne Irène décida alors de lui offrir sa main, désireuse de réunir les deux Empires. Dec 2009 5,145 Blachernai Apr 25, 2014 #1 Theophanes reports that Charlemagne wished to marry Eirene, thus re-created a pan-European empire. The essential question students come to grips with is: I have found the video on Hagia Sophia from PBS’ series, I then project onscreen for students a number of other icons from the time period (8. They are free to invent supplemental information that we did not cover in class. Three Approaches to Teaching “Pearl”: Introduction to Literature, British Literature I, and the Mythology of J. R. R. Tolkien, 7. Now apparently (and with a brief skim around the web there appears to be only one source that supports this contention) so the evidence is skimpy. Talisman of Charlemagne, which antique dealers believe was sent to Charlemagne by the Empress Irene [of Constantinople, 752–803 CE]. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III, on Christmas Day. 1 The Chronicle of Theophanes, ed. (I often ask what my students are studying in art and drawing classes and how these classes would be different had Irene been unsuccessful in restoring the use of icons. For Justinian’s reconquest of Rome, I suggest to students that for sixth-century residents of Constantinople, the memory of Rome’s fall to barbarian tribes would be roughly equivalent to our remembrance of World War II. The Once and Future Classroom. What might make you think it is idealized? I think that might lead to an uneasy peace, but would only delay the split until a later date in the future. I have found the video on Hagia Sophia from PBS’ series Nova (available online at http://www.pbs.org/video/2365432635/) to be very useful for discussing Justinian and his reign. Some of the add-ons on this site are powered by, Alternate History Discussion: Before 1900. There was now an empire of the east and one of the west as well, and the Byzantine monopoly was broken. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. Who, in other words, was qualified to pass judgement on the Vicar of Christ? Goal: to examine primary and multiple secondary sources to discuss conflicting interpretations. Goal: By the end of class, students will have a brief timeline of Irene’s tenure as emperor and be able to identify and understand major social aspects of Charlemagne’s life, how he wished to be perceived, and identify political reasons why he was crowned. In 802, Irene was overthrown in a palace coup by Nikephoros. Students are provided with an image of Irene from Byzantine coins. 2 http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp, 3 http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/home.html. Although that image is, I ask the students to imagine what Irene’s thoughts might have been when she received news of Charlemagne’s coronation. Julie Harper Elb The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. They are encouraged to write comments and questions on the post-its. Thus, Empress Irene’s reign had been largely unsuccessful. What we do know, from the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes (Collins 153), is that Charlemagne's reaction to his coronation was to take the initial steps toward securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favorably to them. To secure popularity she reduced taxes, and this resulted in a disastrous financial crisis; she neglected the frontiers and was faced with attack from two sides, for Arab incursions had been taking place since 781 and in the Balkans the Byzantine forces were defeated by the Bulgars in 792. Group B receives the larger, “big-picture” questions: What do you think Einhard’s motives were for writing? When I teach the end of the Roman world, I move to Byzantium with the founding of Constantinople and we spend several lessons discussing Constantine’s shift of the capital, the reign of Justinian and Theodora (particularly the re-conquering of Western Rome and the building of Hagia Sophia), and the attitudes of Byzantines towards the West, particularly the idea that Byzantine rulers always considered themselves Roman. While the marriage must have been celebrated in identical style, the young bride from Amnia was not raised to the higher status of empress. JavaScript is disabled. L… © 2016 TEAMS Consortium for Teaching Medieval Studies, The Original Odd Couple: Charlemagne and Irene. What were Einhard’s reasons for Charlemagne being crowned Emperor? They are allowed to do outside research, but it is not necessary. You are using an out of date browser. She is most remembered for her marriage to Charlemagne in 803, unifying the Franks and the Byzantines. The Coronation of Charlemagne, by assistants of Raphael, c. 1516–1517. Find residence, ages, family members and other details for Charlemagne Guerin and Irene Boyer. It was for the emperors of the Macedonian line ‘to give imperial branches of dynasty.’ Thenceforward it was more difficult to overthrow so firmly rooted a tree; an imperial family now existed, whose members were given the name of Porphyrogeniti, and it is from this period that we may trace an increasing emphasis on legitimacy …Even usurpers respected the lawful dynasty, and among the people there grew up an attachment – a loyalist devotion – to the ruling house. Why does Einhard mention Ravenna? The union would have brought East and West together for the first time in centuries. Seeking closer relations with the Carolingians, Irene negotiated a marriage between her son and Rotrude, who was a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard. Ancestry.ca possède au moins 1 acte de marriage pour Charlemagne Lamoureux et Irene Asselin, parmi plus de 1 938 actes pour le patronyme Lamoureux et plus de 1 799 actes pour le patronyme Asselin. The essential question students come to grips with is: Was Charlemagne the rightful Roman Emperor? But bearing the idea in mind, what if in 801 Irene had offered Charlemagne a proposal of marriage, with the idea in theory of reuniting the "Roman People" against an outside threat. But what if Empress Irene of Athens and Emperor Charles the Great had been married... and stayed married. Did her Greek upbringing allow her to be more open to the idea of images? Like Rome, Byzantium had no law of succession, at least until the end of the ninth century. Teaching Feeling: Medieval Literature, Emotional Ethics, and the Case of Compassion, 3. XII.2 (Spring 2016) Since the Jews and Muslims did not use figural representations, the Greco-Roman tradition was revived in the Renaissance. The middle stone is a rough sapphire and has a very light color. Irene negotiated a marriage between Constantine and Charlemagne’s daughter, Rotrude (Erythro), when the two were children. In 798 she opened diplomatic relations with the Western emperor Charlemagne, and in 802 a marriage between her and Charlemagne was reportedly contemplated.According to the contemporary Byzantine historian Theophanes, the scheme was frustrated by one of Irene’s favourites. Other students will point out that Rome and Constantinople had never had a female ruler, so it would not be surprising that people would question her legitimacy. The ‘Dante vivo’ Project, Florence, Italy, 3. We gather up the sheets to read later, and I give the students a very small excerpt from The Chronicle of Theophanes that relates how Charlemagne wished to invade Sicily but stopped because he wanted to marry Irene. What visual clues can I give to the observer that this is a divine figure and not just a man? Constantine remarried. She negotiated a marriage between her son Constantine and Rotrude, a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard. The second day’s lesson on iconoclasm can be omitted altogether for the sake of time, and the essays can be used alone, without the other writing prompts, although they are most effective when students have enough time to process the material over several days. Do you agree with Einhard’s explanation for why Charlemagne couldn’t learn to write? In fact, it was most often by brutal usurpation that emperors were made, and for a long time there was no reigning family or blood royal in Byzantium. Creative Translation and Old English Poetry: A Teaching Technique, 6. Petit-fils de Charles Martel, Charles (dit Charlemagne) est l’aîné des enfants de Pépin le Bref et de Berte (ou Bertrade de Laon, dite Berte au grand pied). Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. In Einhard’s famous phrasing, “[H]e kept them close beside him at home until his death, saying that he could not stand to be parted from their company.”1. I think the decision to marry Charlemagne would cause Empress Irene a great deal of political trouble back home. Hermas was born on May 25 1929, in Cornwall, Ontario. Although Charlemagne and Irene both consider themselves the rightful Roman Emperor, does one of them have a stronger claim? Some students will realize that his wife not having a son might have made Constantine’s grip on the throne precarious. I think the decision to marry Charlemagne would cause Empress Irene a great deal of political trouble back home. In the following year –, the tenth indiction – he dispatched ambassadors to gain. In early 802 CE, Irene attempted a marriage of alliance with the Franks' king Charlemagne, who was also the newly declared Emperor of the Romans in the west, and who, likewise, was in favour of once more unifying the two halves of the old Roman empire. Irene went as far as to send an official to instruct the Frankish princess in Greek; however, Irene herself broke off the engagement in 787, against her son's wishes. Yes, Beneventum first, and Yugoslavia after that. Students are introduced to icons in this way before we begin to really discuss them in class. As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene’s claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen.”6, “But (Irene’s) rule was not very successful. Charlemagne’s relationship with his daughters has raised eyebrows for twelve centuries. They build a model of the core structure and test it on a shake table; this intrigues students. The Horsemen of the Apocalypse Can’t Ride Unicorns: Adventures in Medieval Drama. 1 e heure : Irène, la fiancée de Charlemagne? » Extraits du site www.histoire-fr.com Le mariage entre Charlemagne et Irène va-t-il avoir lieu ? Use primary and secondary sources to support your argument. Seeking closer relations with the Carolingians, Irene negotiated a marriage between her son and Rotrude, who was a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard. For older students I may also require an essay (or the essay can be assigned in lieu of or before the Postcard exercise). Does that lend additional weight to Irene’s role as emperor? Born: c. 747 AD Died: 28-Jan-814 AD Cause of death: unspecified Remains: Buried, Aachen Cathedral, Aachen, Germany Gender: Male Religion: Roman Catholic Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Royalty Nationality: Holy Roman Empire Executive summary: Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman emperor, and king of the Franks, the elder son … Charlemagne (English: / ˈ ʃ ɑːr l ə m eɪ n, ˌ ʃ ɑːr l ə ˈ m eɪ n /; French: [ʃaʁləmaɲ]) or Charles the Great (2 April 748 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 which temporarily made him a … (what do we already know about the city that would help answer this question?). 5. They had 3 sons: Alexios Komnenos and 2 other children. The Westminster Schools (Atlanta, GA). I have found that when the question is framed as which emperor is the rightful one, the students become quite passionate about arguing for their favored candidate. Sometimes students will search online for Irene and produce the mosaic from Hagia Sophia. Irène, épouse de Léon IV, a d'abord été régente durant la minorité de son fils Constantin VI. Students may or may not have discovered the following information (a fuller account can be found in Judith Herrin, Women in Purple, Rulers of Medieval Byzantium, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). It would in theory connect lands from Anatolia to Barcelona, and give the "Roman Empire" huge pools of manpower to draw from. On occasion, it can be helpful to brainstorm some ideas before students sit down to write the essay, although it can also lead students down a path that isn’t original. We then return to a large group and discuss the answers to these questions. Theoretically a man became Emperor either through election by Senate, people, and Army, or by the decree of the reigning Emperor, who, during his lifetime, designated and installed at his side a successor chosen by qualification of birth, adoption, or association. The homework assignments can be done in class, assigned to be completed at home, or not used at all. (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1957), 37. This exercise allows students to work on a creative and active assignment which also calls for some research and allows the teacher to modify for differing abilities. The homework assignment required students to read their brief textbook account of Charlemagne’s kingdom (usually 1-2 pages depending which textbook we are using), and to look up online how Irene came to be empress . Irene passed away in 1134, at age 45. Charlemagne (English: / ˈ ʃ ɑːr ... to his coronation was to take the initial steps towards securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favourably to them. It exacerbated the continued problem of the right of the emperor to intervene in religious disputes. Postclassical History. Some students will recognize that many in both the army and the church will think this marriage adulterous. In this year – the ninth indiction – on December 25 Charles, the king of the Franks was crowned by Pope Leo. I will identify some common symbols and techniques they might have missed, such as the emphasis on large eyes, the Greek lettering, and any symbols such as fish, vines, or bread (representing the creed, the grace of God and the Eucharistic feast).We then discuss how the Iconoclastic movement might have begun, since there could be a fine line between using the image as a means of prayer and actually adoring the image itself. She abdicated and spent the rest of her life in Lesbos, where she died in 803. Did her Greek heritage pre-dispose her towards a love of images and icons? The age difference isn't great, Irene is 49 in 801 AD and Charlemagne is somewhere between 51 and 57, so that's doable and she could still probably produce an heir, if they ah...got busy soon after the wedding. Irène devient impératrice régnante en 797. In this Eastern monarchy, even women might ascend the throne – a thing unknown in the West – and those such as Irene, Theodora and Zoë were popular.”, I will sometimes also read the following quotation aloud: “…Maria was not crowned as basilissa before her wedding in November 788. If the class is small enough, I will assign each student one of the icons to study and summarize for the class. ), Students are provided with an image of Irene from Byzantine coins. In 802, Irene was overthrown in a palace coup by Nikephoros. His scrawled a marriage proposal to Empress Irene in Constantinople that was so bad it left that court in a fit of giggles for an entire month. For this particular lesson on Irene and Charlemagne, I begin with the Byzantine Empress Irene in the eighth century. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, born before their canonical marriage. Thereafter, a succession dispute is looming. Public opinion now held that “he who reigns in Constantinople is always victorious,” which made usurpation not only criminal but, what was worse, foolish. Sorry for the long delay. Some students will argue in her favor that she was empress when her husband died, so there should be no question about her right to rule. I designed this four-part lesson as part of a larger unit on the early Middle Ages which questions the reasons why we have always perceived Charlemagne’s kingdom as the natural successor to the Roman Empire. Marriage records are primary resources for the marriage details, since they were created at the time of the marriage. The lesson is designed to stimulate creative and speculative interest in the past, but also to maintain the intellectual rigor of working with historical sources, both primary and secondary. Although that image is an Irene, it is not our Irene and so it provides an opportunity for discussing the veracity of internet sources, particularly in image searches. “Parzival’s Fear and Werther’s Loathing” – Teaching Emotions in Medieval and Modern Literature to High School Students in Germany: An Experiment, 5. Go. She had no other children. They ought to have an online or paper dictionary for words they do not recognize, and they should discuss the context of those words among themselves. Irene is able to sway enough people to her control and she is able to give the order to have Constantine, her own son, blinded, which will make him unfit to be emperor. Charlemagne was a fluent speaker of many languages, he could read (apparently) but was unable to write his name. So my guess is that if Charlemagne marries Irene or he manages to secure the throne via marriage for his descendants he would soon fall victim of a Palace coup in Constantinople and another Emperor would be elected. 9 The Proposed Marriage of Charlemagne and Irene the Athenian (AD 802) Charlemagne, known as the father of Europe, was the greatest king of the European Middle Ages and is credited with starting the Carolingian Renaissance. ‘A’ is for Affeccioun: Strategies for Teaching the History of Emotions in Medieval Studies, 2. My goal is to have students actively participating in historical thinking, engaging deeply with primary and secondary sources in order to experiment with and construct historical arguments from the evidence at hand. In this Eastern monarchy, even women might ascend the throne – a thing unknown in the West – and those such as Irene, Theodora and Zoë were popular.”8. Ancestry.ca, the largest online family history resource, can help you explore marriage records for Charlemagne Guerin and Irene Boyer from among its billions of historical records from Canada and around the world.. Maybe she'd use the marriage and symbolic joining of the two empires to try to reconcile the two branches of Christianity. « Irène, impératrice de Constantinople, envoya un ambassadeur, nommé Léon Spathar, pour confirmer la paix entre les Grecs et les Francs. Charlemagne. Although only mentioned by the chronicler aristocrat of the Eastern Roman Empire Theophanes the Confessor, Irene of Athens (the ruling regent then Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire) had desired to arrange a marriage with the new Carolingian Empire's king and the so called Holy Roman Emperor, Charl Additionally, the students see that the building, as exotic as it looks, is essentially a pagan, Roman design (a basilica and a dome, inspired by Roman law courts and the massive dome of the Pantheon) reinforcing the idea that Byzantines were still Romans in many ways. Is ‘My Lefe in a Lond’ or ‘My Lief in Londe’? A Journey into Late Medieval Italy with “The Inferno”, 8. Although most historians suggest that Irene would never have been chosen to marry Leo IV if she had been pro-icon (either privately or publicly), I ask students if this is consistent with the woman who almost single-handedly overturns over fifty years of anti-icon policy in Constantinople. They are free to invent supplemental information that we did not cover in class. It’s an interesting historical what-if, but the marriage never came to pass: Irene was overthrown in 802, and died the following year. Imperial wives often had to wait for this honour, which was sometimes bestowed after the successful delivery of a male child.” I will stop to ask: Is it significant that Maria did not receive this honor and Irene did, even before her marriage? Oct 12, 2011 #22 … Students may suggest that Charlemagne’s building program was an attribute appropriate to a Roman emperor, or that his capital at Aachen was patterned on Ravenna, thereby connecting himself to Justinian’s version of Rome. Charlemagne’s eldest surviving daughter, Rotrude, for whom a marriage to an Emperor had once been planned, went on to have a son, Louis (ca 800–867), by Rorico, 1st Count of Maine; and Bertha, a possible bride for King Offa’s heir, had two sons, the chronicler Nithard (ca 795 – 844) and Hartnid (?-?) Ad Honorem. (The image will almost always show Christ with a halo, or he might be drawn carrying an open book or a cross, or perhaps he will be dressed as a shepherd, or the gold background might have some Greek letters to identify him). Devenu adulte, celui-ci règne seul mais devient vite impopulaire. He died in 780, where this thread is discussing something happening in 800. As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene’s claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen.”, “But (Irene’s) rule was not very successful. Does that lend additional weight to Irene’s role as emperor? Quite some time ago I promised to look up this passage, and post it. Have I literally drawn his divine nature? Thus, Empress Irene’s reign had been largely unsuccessful. wished to marshal an expedition against Sicily, but desisted, wanting instead to marry Irene. The bitterness over iconoclasm was a contributing factor to this Great Schism, for the popes since the ninth century had long supported the use of icons, particularly for the illiterate, and yet the patriarchs and emperors usually supported an iconoclastic policy. An obvious joint project is the elimination of the last independent Lombard duchies. 5 Speros Vryonis, Byzantium and Europe: History of European Civilization Library (Norwich: Harcourt, Brace, and World, Inc., 1967), 66-68. "This situation was forced to a conclusion when Charlemagne proposed to marry Irene. The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. Charlemagne (Charles the Great; from Latin, Carolus Magnus; 742 or 747 ... to his coronation was to take the initial steps toward securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favorably to them. Irene negotiated a marriage between Constantine and Charlemagne’s daughter, Rotrude (Erythro), when the two were children. Would it be suitable for an empress to marry such a foreign king, and not even become his only wife? She abdicated and spent the rest of her life in Lesbos, where she died in 803. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Some have also brought up the death of Latin in the East as a characteristic of an empire that is no longer Roman. A joint expedition against Bulgaria might follow. But in the hostilities which ensued Constantinople was forced to concede to Charlemagne the title of Basileus in 812. If not, I have them work in pairs or small groups with each image. Theoretically a man became Emperor either through election by Senate, people, and Army, or by the decree of the reigning Emperor, who, during his lifetime, designated and installed at his side a successor chosen by qualification of birth, adoption, or association. The eldest son of Pepin the Short, Charles had several known siblings: Carloman, Gisela, and several short-lived siblings. As a group, they decide on the appropriate answer to each question and write it on the sheet. A primary document to demonstrate the above point can be useful for reading aloud: “In this year Irene sent Konstaes the. ... to his coronation was to take the initial steps towards securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favourably to them. In 780, Irene arranged a marriage for her son with a daughter of the Frankish King Charlemagne, Rotrude. I have had students use icons as the front of the postcards, photos of Aachen’s cathedral or other buildings in Aachen, and even one student who photoshopped an image of Charlemagne’s face onto the mosaic of John Comnenos and Irene of Hungary from Hagia Sophia. Forums. 15th century German depiction of Irene, Empress of the East, and Charlemagne. (London: Viking, 1988), 378. From his grave? Of Empress when they married law of succession, at age 45 small groups with each image does that additional. For an Empress to marry such a foreign king, and by the old Salic tradition debarred. Foreign king, and by the old Salic tradition was revived in East... 2 other children did her Greek heritage pre-dispose her towards a love of images and?., Beneventum first, and the Byzantine monopoly was broken: Saracens Jews... 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