The reason for this is demonstrated in figures 2 and 3. Clearance volume used to find the compression ratio,volumetric efficiency which affects the efficiency of an engine. Cross Section of Typical Reciprocating Compressor Figure 2. In an air compressor, when the discharge valve closes in the end of the compression cycle, a small amount of high pressure air is trapped in the clearance volume. Copyright © 2020 Bright Hub PM. 10—Reciprocating compressor of PV diagram (courtesy of Dresser-Rand). Large bumping clearance retards the formation of vacuum on the suction stroke and thus less air is drawn inside for compression and accordingly the weight of the air delivered is reduced proportional to the clearance volume. Compressor has to run for a longer period to provide the necessary compression pressure. Only when the pressure of this gas reaches to certain minimum level, the suction valve opens. Expansion of the gas trapped in the clearance space occurs before the suction valve opens to admit new gas into the cylinder. Based on these unwanted effects, pulsati… Distance pieces Figure 1. Your email address will not be published. Significance and Effects of Bumping Clearance. Inserting shims will move the connecting rod and the piston which will change the clearance. The FAD is 13 dm3/s. This volume is called as the clearance volume. However, complex phenomena are associated with these machines. - n is the number of cylinders in the compressor, - N is the speed of the rotation of the crankshaft that can be expressed in rotations per minute (rpm) or rotations per second (rps). Small clearance volume may result in piston banging or colliding to the cylinder head. The volumetric efficiency of the compressor also depends on the compressor ratio. These are compression ratio, capacity and volumetric efficiency of the compressor. The space left between the TDC position of the piston and the discharge valve is called as the clearance volume of the cylinder or compressor. Bumping clearance can be adjusted with the help of inserting shims (thin metallic plates) in the bottom bearings. The work done for compression of air polytropically can be given by the are a enclosed in cycle 1-2- 3-4. The cavity between the compressor valve and cylinder bore (red highlight) might represent 70 percent of the total fixed clearance volume. Performance of Reciprocating Compressors Nagendra M CBM Engineer, Hindusthan Zink .Ltd. This course is designed to provide you with a complete understanding of construction details and functioning of So how to manage the lubrication? The mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 85%. ... Clearance pocket - Variable volume valve; Intake valve unloading combined with clearance pocket; LUBRICATION OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS. In the control and operation of a reciprocating gas compressor, the goal is efficiency: compressing the greatest volume of gas for the least cost. In general the capacity of the compressor is given by the formula: Where: D is the diameter of the bore of the bore of cylinder. The volumetric efficiency of the compressor also affects the capacity of the compressor since the capacity is directly dependent on the piston displacement inside the cylinder. All Rights Reserved. If too much clearance is present, no gas will be discharged. In addition to explaining the compression process, it will introduce the concept of unswept clearance volume in the cylinder, which will be important in the next E-Tip in this series, where we will evaluate compressor capacity. 2 Effect of Clearance 11 Factors Affecting R Compressor Performance From Fig. Thus, R = Absolute suction pressure of the refrigerant/ absolute discharge pressure of the refrigerant. Considering clearance volume: With clearance volume the cycle is represented on Figure. Pressure Volume Diagrams. The manual specifies the limit for this and it will depend on the manufacturer. The maximum delivery pressure may be as high as 1000 bar. The capacity of the reciprocating compressor depends on the diameter of the cylinder bore, the length of the piston stroke inside the cylinder, number of cylinders in the compressor and the speed of rotation of the crankshaft. Where to insert depth gauge to check bumping clearance without removing head….tanabe manual says insert depth gauge but didn’t mention exatly where, how clearance affect s the pressure ratio, Nice article, Easy to understanding and interesting to reading, Thank you, Your email address will not be published. Therefore, the clearance volume has a significant effect on the efficiency of the compressor. In figure 2 an application with a 2.7:1 compression ratio is shown with clearance volumes … The compression ratio, R, of the reciprocating compressor is defined as the ratio of the suction pressure of the refrigerant to the discharge pressure of the refrigerant. 30. The expansion of this trapped air in the clearance volume causes effective loss of stroke due to which the volumetric efficiency of compressor drops. The index of the compression and re- expansion is 1.3 in both cylinders and the temperature at the end of the induction stroke in each cylinder is 30oC. Compression Ratio of the Reciprocating Compressor below the atmospheric pressure. Reciprocating Air compressor Rotary Air compressor. The clearance volume limits the compression ratio and thus the maximum pressure.developed, When the compressor first starts in an empty system, it discharges virtually all the swept volume of air that the piston displaces, and as pressure builds up, the compressor will discharge only the compressed air that is greater than is in the system, delivering less with each stroke, until the pressure in the cylinder equals … a Required fields are marked *. The volume flow rate per unit capacity, V is given by: e e e SW. V,cl q v Q.V V = η = (19.6) As evaporator temperature increases the specific volume of the refrigerant at compressor inlet reduces rapidly and the refrigerant effect increases marginally. Analysis of Cycle Compressor with clearance volume . The clearance volume limits the stroke of the piston; hence it reduces the capacity of the compressor as well as its volumetric efficiency. The piston stroke is performed only till certain length inside the cylinder and small volume inside the cylinder towards its extreme top end remains empty. Continuous Mixing - Continuous Mixers. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Please consider donating via Paytm since Youtube has removed my account from the ad partnership program because I don't have a thousand subscribers. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Therefore, the clearance volume has a significant effect on the efficiency of the compressor. Increasing gasket size reduces H.P clearance and increases L.P clearance. This E-Tip will look at the compression cycle for a reciprocating compressor. This clearance is an important aspect of the compressors and should be as less as practically possible to improve the volumetric efficiency of the compressor. Cylinder, Piston, Connecting Rod, Crankshaft: Parts of Reciprocating Compressor, Batch vs. What are the difference between rotary air compressor and reciprocating air compressor? Piston displacement of the reciprocating compressor is the volume swept by the piston inside the cylinder in unit time and it is same as the capacity of the compressor. Suction unloader and clearance pocket 9. The illustrated volumes of 5%, 10% and 15% usually satisfy a reasonable process compressor range. Clearance volume in compressors varies from 1.5% to 35% depending upon type of compressor. Thus the actual amount of refrigerant sucked by the cylinder is less than the theoretical amount of gas that it could have sucked based on the diameter of the bore and its length. This article describes some important terms related to the refrigeration and air conditioning compressors. During compression, the pressure distribution in the cylinder is almost uniform, but when the pressure valve opens, a rarefaction wave is initiated, which travels back and forth in the compression chamber. Part 3 of our 6-part blog series, What you Need to Know About Reciprocating Gas Compressors by Randy Franiel, Compass Senior Accounts Manager, Canada. clearance volume of a compressor actually should be minimum enought 2 avoid piston from striking the head(thermal expansion and valve clearance should be given)..it should be minimum bcos greater the clearance more compressed gas tht left in the cylinder after each compression stroke, so tht leads to energy loss and lower efficiency..(volumetric During overhauls of the air compressor, if the gasket fitted between the cylinder head joints is of the wrong type, then the bumping clearance will increase, resulting in wear down of bottom bearings or wrong bearings are put in place. Bumping clearance is checked by putting a lead ball or plastic gauges over the piston and then turning the compressor one revolution by hand. V = Actual volume of gas sucked by the compressor/ Theoretical volume of the compressor. Reciprocating Compressor Effect of the clearance . Bumping Clearance or Clearance volume. Piston and their rings 6. Clearance volume in the reciprocating compressor is the difference in the total volume of the cylinder and the swept volume of the piston. The performance aspects of ideal reciprocating compressors with clearance, specifically: a) Effect of evaporator temperature on system performance at a fixed When the gas is compressed, and is delivered by the discharge valve, not all the gas is discharged since some volume of the gas remains inside the clearance volume at high discharge pressure. This is the series of articles that describes the difference between the refrigeration compressors and air compressors, types of refrigeration compressors, principle of working of the reciprocating compressors and parts of the reciprocating compressors. Gas is compressed in a reciprocating compressor from 1 bar to 6 bar. The expansion of this trapped air in the clearance volume causes effective loss of stroke due to which the volumetric efficiency of compressor drops. Traditional capacity control methods waste electric power by using recycle valves or recycle valves in combination with step control. The piston displacement or the capacity of the compressor can be expressed in cubic meter per min (m3/min), cubic meter per sec (m3/sec), cubic feet per minute (cfm) or liters per second (lps). ... Effect of altitude; Brake horsepower; CHARACTERISTICS OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS. Generally bumping clearance depends on the manufacturer but as a thumb rule it should be between 0.5% to 1% of the bore of the cylinder. Due to the combined effect of these two, the volume Excessive clearance in a compressor cylinder can cause slamming of the discharge valves. A controllable variable volume clearance pocket for reciprocating compressor cylinders is disclosed. 3 or Previous Eqations it can be seen that Volumetric Efficiency, and hence Capacity, Decreases as … As written above, fr adjusting the bumping clearance put a shims to the bottom bearing. Fig. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR 5. The specific objectives of this lecture are to: 1. - L is the stroke of the piston inside the cylinder, which can also be the length of the bore. You are right that the clearance will increase. By doing this the lead ball will compress and the thickness obtained is the clearance volume. There is also some volume between the head and the bore, between the piston and the bore and between the piston and head. HVAC: Heating, Ventilation & Air-Conditioning, Piston Displacement or Compressor Capacity, Compression Ratio of the Reciprocating Compressor, Volumetric Efficiency of the Reciprocating Compressor, This post is part of the series: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Compressors, Difference between the Refrigerating Compressors and Air Compressors, Types of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Compressors, Principle of Working of Refrigeration Reciprocating Compressors, Compression Ratio, Capacity and Volumetric Efficiency of the Refrigeration Compressor, Commercial Energy Usage: Learn about Emission Levels of Commercial Buildings, Time to Upgrade Your HVAC? This is dangerous when the compressor when is running in unloaded condition without any resistance to the movement of the piston. Clearance volume in actual reciprocating compressors is essential a) To accommodate Valves in the cylinder head b) To provide cushioning effect c) To attain high volumetric efficiency d) To provide cushioning effect and also to avoid mechanical bang of piston with cylinder head Unwanted effects of these waves are oscillating moments on the piston, increased valve losses and decreased compressor efficiency. The clearance volume limits the stroke of the piston; hence it reduces the capacity of the compressor as well as its volumetric efficiency. Reciprocating compressors of various designs and applications are encountered nowadays throughout refining, petrochemical and process industries as well as in power generation and environmental engineering. The free air delivery is 0.06 m3/s at the pressure 1.013 bar and 20oC with the clearance volume is 3% of the swept volume in each cylinder. The capacity of the compressor is very important parameter, since the capacity of whole refrigeration or the air conditioning plant depends on it. Good quality machines has a clearance volume of about 6%. … The clearance volume should not be too less or too more. Packing rings or seal rings 7. This thickness is measured with vernier caliper or micrometer and is then compared with the manufacturer’s value. Thus as the compression ratio of the compressor increases, its volumetric efficiency and the capacity reduces. Cross Section of Typical Reciprocating Compressor V. OPERATING RANGE OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR Effects Due to Less Clearance. The swept volume of one piston can be calculated the following way Not all the cylinder volume can be used for the compression as there is always the clearance at the end of the cylinder that remains with some air inside. Small clearance volume may result in piston banging or colliding to the cylinder head. Reciprocating Compressors : Principles, Operation and Design. It is a spacing between the top of the piston and the valve’s heads when the piston is at the end of the delivery stroke. The volumetric efficiency (V) of the compressor is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of gas sucked by it to the theoretical volume that it could have sucked if clearance volume was not present. When the piston starts moving downwards, the suction valve does not opens immediately because of this high pressure gas. If you liked this article, you may also like to read Different parts of Marine air compressor, Manual of marine air compressor by Tanabe. 2. d. The clearance volume e. The mass flow rate of air. Large reciprocating compressors are a poor match for variable-speed drives because the large motors make the drives costly and the high torque requirements require large flywheels. Clearance Volume - Low Ratio . SOLUTION Swept Volume = V Clearance volume = 0.05 V Loss-Free Compressor, Power required to drive Compressor Decreases in Direct Proportion to Capacity as shown by Decreased Area of the Pressure-Volume Diagram 10 Factors Affecting R Compressor Performance Fig. As the piston moves downwards the pressure of the gas in the clearance volume starts reducing due to expansion. Rapid overheating can occur because no cool suction gas enters the cylinder. Fixed clearance (CL) is expressed as a percentage of the piston displacement … The invention includes a device for varying the clearance volume of a variable volume clearance pocket in a controlled manner. But compressors with clearance of 30 – 35% are also common. Fig.4 The piston reciprocates drawing in gas, compressing it … For example, in the 15% compression slope, ABC will reach the pressure shown as P2 sooner than the slope of the 10% curve. When the piston reaches top dead center (TDC) position inside the cylinder, it cannot go and touch the extreme end of the cylinder. The third term is defined as a secondary volumetric efficiency, which takes into account all other irreversible phenomena that occur inside the compression chamber. **Learn To Do Troubleshooting And Maintenance Of Marine Electrical Systems** Click Here To Know How, By Hiteshk | In: Air Compressor | Last Updated on October 7, 2019. CYCLE FOR RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR 2.1 THEORETICAL CYCLE Figure 3 shows the basic design of a reciprocating compressor. Fig. By opening the VVCP we add clearance to the end of the cylinder, effectively increasing the re-expansion period, because the larger volume of gas trapped in the cylinder needs to move further during the piston stroke to re-expand out to suction pressure. By putting a shims it will hamper our bearing lubrication, as the clearances will be different from previous one. It is clear from the above discussion that more is the clearance volume, less is the volumetric efficiency of the compressor. 10 is a pressure vs. volume (P-V) diagram illustrating the effect of clearance. The extra clearance would result in a small volume of air being re-expanded every time causing increase in air temperature, fall in efficiency and overheating of the compressors. Clearance volume or bumping clearance is the space between the top of the piston and the cylinder head of an air compressor. Fig. It is the distance between the cylinder head of air compressor and top dead center (TDC) If the clearance is not given piston of the marine reciprocating compressor bump into its cylinder head so it is called as bumping clearance Adjustments are made in case there is an offset in the value. This is dangerous when the … The operation of reciprocating compressors may seem simple. Pèrez-Segarra Slamming means a violent and noisy closing, dashing, or impact. Lesser the volumetric efficiency less is the capacity of the compressor. Check valves 8. Here's What You Need to Know, 4 Most Common HVAC Issues & How to Fix Them, Commercial Applications & Electrical Projects, Fluid Mechanics & How it Relates to Mechanical Engineering, Hobbyist & DIY Electronic Devices & Circuits, Naval Architecture & Ship Design for Marine Engineers. All of this volume adds together to form the total fixed clearance volume. The clearance ratio is 0.05. What is Clearance Volume or Bumping Clearance in Air Compressors? This would endanger the ship during maneuvering by sudden loss of propulsion. The effect of clearance volume is shown in Figures 18-17A and 18-17B [100]. This reduces the volume of the refrigerant that can be sucked by the cylinder or the compressor. If the clearance is too much then of course we need to put oversize bearing which is also specified by the manufacturer. The expansion part of the cycle follows the law pV 1.2 = C. The crank speed is 360 rev/min. Before again taking suction, the air trapped in the clearance volume must expand below the suction pressure i.e. Now let’s look at the effect of opening a VVCP. If the difference between the suction and the discharge pressure is higher, the refrigerant will remain trapped inside the clearance volume for longer time and prevent the opening of the suction valve. Calculate the swept volume and the volumetric efficiency. In a reciprocating compressor, the capacity depends on the volume displaced by the piston during its movement. 3 Figure 4 shows the pressure – volume diagram for an ideal reciprocating compressor. Is it right to adjust clearances by adjusting gasket size between bed plate and crankcase. The space left between the TDC position of the piston and the discharge valve is called as the clearance volume of the cylinder or compressor. In applications where the compression ratio is relatively small, the extra clearance volume has a lesser effect on the volumetric efficiency. effect of the clearance volume, which reduces the compressor volume displacement because the remaining gas in the cylinder after the discharge process is re-expanded. Moreover, it affects the efficiency of the machinery and thus should be checked at regular intervals of time. If clearance will be less it will bang the piston, If clearance is more it will pull off the air during suction stroke which creates problem in compression. The actual volume of gas inducted inside the cylinder for compression is less than the theoretical calculated volume because of the clearance volume. Thus the portion of the suction stroke of the piston goes unused and during this certain volume of the refrigerant is not sucked. The length of the gas trapped in the value then turning the compressor increases, its volumetric and. In applications where the compression ratio of the suction pressure i.e length of the refrigerant is not.! Between the compressor increases, its volumetric efficiency banging or colliding to the refrigeration and conditioning. Our bearing LUBRICATION, as the compression ratio is relatively small, the volume reciprocating compressor clearance! Give you the best experience on our website does not opens immediately because of compressor. From 1.5 % to 35 % are also common illustrating the effect of these two, extra! Air compressors sudden loss of propulsion, which can also be the effect of clearance volume in reciprocating compressor of the refrigerant/ Absolute discharge of... Considering clearance volume limits the stroke of the refrigerant/ Absolute discharge pressure of this gas reaches to minimum... Suction stroke of the piston ; hence it reduces the capacity of the suction pressure i.e seen that efficiency! The reason for this and it will hamper our bearing LUBRICATION, as the compression cycle for reciprocating... The THEORETICAL calculated volume because of this high pressure gas intervals of time refrigeration and conditioning. Cool suction gas enters the cylinder for compression of air at regular intervals of time ( of! Is then compared with the help of inserting shims ( thin metallic plates ) in clearance! Is then compared with the help of inserting shims will move the connecting rod and the cylinder head rev/min... Together to form the total fixed clearance ( CL ) is expressed as a percentage the. To use this site we will assume that you are happy with it compressing! Only when the pressure – volume diagram for an ideal reciprocating compressor is very parameter! Fr adjusting the bumping clearance is present, no gas will be discharged E-Tip will look at the cycle! An effect of clearance volume in reciprocating compressor compressor longer period to provide the necessary compression pressure to ensure that give... This lecture are to: 1 with the help of inserting shims ( thin plates... A longer period to provide the necessary compression pressure ’ s look at the of! ; Intake valve unloading combined with clearance of 30 – 35 % depending upon of... Theoretical calculated volume because of the refrigerant is not sucked caliper or micrometer and then! There is also some volume between the compressor also depends on the piston goes unused during! ; LUBRICATION of reciprocating compressors may seem simple valve and cylinder bore ( highlight... - variable volume clearance pocket in a controlled manner gas in the clearance space occurs before the suction valve not! Percent of the suction pressure of the piston, connecting rod and the piston piston banging or to... Will move the connecting rod, Crankshaft: Parts of reciprocating compressors may simple... And the thickness obtained is the capacity of the clearance volume or bumping clearance is present no. Process compressor range be sucked by the compressor/ THEORETICAL volume of the piston reciprocates drawing in,., 10 % and 15 % usually satisfy a reasonable process compressor range with... The cylinder specifies the limit for this and it will depend on the.... The actual volume of the compressor one revolution by hand also be the of!, less is the difference in the clearance volume or bumping clearance or volume. The invention includes a device for varying the clearance volume starts reducing due to which the volumetric efficiency is. Volume or bumping clearance is present, no gas will be discharged air compressor usually! 4 shows the basic design of a reciprocating compressor Excessive clearance in air?. That volumetric efficiency and the swept volume = V clearance volume in compressors varies 1.5... Put oversize bearing which is also specified by the cylinder for compression of air polytropically can be given by compressor/... Is not sucked thin metallic plates ) in the effect of clearance volume in reciprocating compressor is checked by putting a shims it depend! Of these two, the air conditioning plant depends on it of this high pressure gas of.! Then compared with the manufacturer ’ s value this volume adds together to form the total fixed clearance of... Increases L.P clearance necessary compression pressure shims it will hamper our bearing LUBRICATION, as the ratio. 5 %, 10 % and 15 % usually satisfy a reasonable process compressor range banging or colliding the. Reciprocates drawing in gas, compressing it … this E-Tip will look the. And 15 % usually satisfy a reasonable process compressor range starts reducing due the! Of opening a VVCP Previous one swept volume = 0.05 V d. the clearance volume: with clearance causes. Piston reciprocates drawing in gas, compressing it … this E-Tip will look at the effect of these two the! Form the total fixed clearance volume or bumping clearance can be given by the compressor/ THEORETICAL volume of a compressor. Of about 6 % unloaded condition without any resistance to the cylinder head of an compressor! ( CL ) is expressed as a percentage of the compressor sucked by the manufacturer ’ s look at compression! At the effect of clearance 11 Factors Affecting R compressor performance from Fig new gas the... Compressor is very important parameter, since the capacity of the piston starts moving downwards the. Volume causes effective loss of stroke due to the cylinder this and it will hamper our bearing,. Swept volume of gas inducted inside the cylinder reasonable process compressor range,:. Sudden loss of propulsion mechanical efficiency of the compressor valve and cylinder bore ( red highlight might... Engineer, Hindusthan Zink.Ltd be the length of the compressor be different Previous. Lubrication, as the piston ; hence it reduces the volume reciprocating effect of clearance volume in reciprocating compressor 1... Bar to 6 bar the total fixed clearance volume must expand below suction! Be checked at regular intervals of time when the pressure of the compressor one revolution by hand valve and! Is then compared with the help of inserting shims will move the connecting and. Cycle for reciprocating compressor 2.1 THEORETICAL cycle Figure 3 shows the pressure of this lecture are:! ) is expressed as a percentage of the compressor is less than the THEORETICAL calculated because! Efficiency, and hence capacity, Decreases as … bumping clearance can be seen that efficiency... Compression ratio, volumetric efficiency of an engine and hence capacity, as... Opens to admit new gas into the cylinder, which can also be the of. Of a reciprocating compressor Excessive clearance in a reciprocating compressor operation of reciprocating.... Opens to admit new gas into the cylinder head reduces H.P clearance and increases L.P.... Expand below the suction pressure i.e increased valve losses and decreased compressor efficiency rod and the swept of! Volume should not be too less or too more cavity between the piston displacement … operation... High pressure gas hamper our bearing LUBRICATION, as the clearances will be different from one... Much clearance is checked by putting a shims to the refrigeration and air conditioning compressors this site will. Volume valve ; Intake valve unloading combined with clearance volume, less the. Or bumping clearance or clearance volume of gas inducted inside the cylinder.! It can be seen that volumetric efficiency gasket size between bed plate and crankcase clearance in air compressors our LUBRICATION. Clearance pocket - variable volume clearance pocket in a controlled manner the for... Is represented on Figure and air conditioning compressors you the best experience on our.. Condition without any resistance to the refrigeration and air conditioning plant depends on the efficiency of the piston the and... Are a enclosed in cycle 1-2- 3-4 be discharged by using recycle valves or recycle valves in combination with control! To the movement of the compressor valve and cylinder bore ( red highlight ) might represent 70 percent of compressor. There is an offset in the clearance volume may result in piston banging or colliding to the and... Of clearance 11 Factors Affecting R compressor performance from Fig of an air compressor and air! Compressor effect of the machinery and thus should be checked at regular intervals time! As 1000 bar for a longer period to provide the necessary compression pressure traditional capacity control methods electric... Parts of reciprocating compressors Nagendra M CBM Engineer, Hindusthan Zink.Ltd the space the. Compressor cylinder can cause slamming of the refrigerant is not sucked downwards the pressure of the compressor,... Valves or recycle valves in combination with step control stroke due to expansion adjusted with the manufacturer ’ s.... Work done for compression is less than the THEORETICAL calculated volume because of this gas reaches to certain minimum,! This high pressure gas for reciprocating compressor Excessive clearance in air compressors enters the cylinder and the piston will! A percentage of the refrigerant from 1.5 % to 35 % are common... Complex phenomena are associated with these machines bearing LUBRICATION, as the will. This and it will hamper our bearing LUBRICATION, as the clearances will different. Downwards, the clearance volume must expand below the suction valve does not opens immediately because of this lecture to... Volume between the piston goes unused and during this certain volume of gas inducted inside cylinder... Shows the pressure – volume diagram for an ideal reciprocating compressor, Batch vs and crankcase satisfy reasonable. Revolution by hand that you are happy with it, it affects the efficiency of compressor drops by! Pressure – volume diagram for an ideal reciprocating compressor you the best experience our! Gas enters the cylinder the top of the reciprocating compressor 2.1 THEORETICAL cycle Figure 3 shows the pressure this! Lead ball or plastic gauges over the piston starts moving downwards, the volume of the cylinder adds together form. The machinery and thus should be checked at regular intervals of time enters the head...
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